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The Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions Movement (BDS Movement) is a global anti-Israel campaign attempting to increase economic and political pressure on Israel to comply with the stated goals of the movement: the end of Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and colonization of Palestinian land, full equality for Arab-Palestinian citizens of Israel, and respect for the right of return of Palestinian refugees.〔 The campaign was started on 9 July 2005 by 171 Palestinian non-governmental organizations in support of the Palestinian cause for boycott, divestment and international sanctions against Israel. Citing a body of UN resolutions and specifically echoing the anti-apartheid campaigns against white minority rule in apartheid era South Africa, the BDS campaign called for "various forms of boycott against Israel until it meets its obligations under international law". There is considerable debate about the scope, efficacy, and morality of the BDS movement. Critics argue that the BDS movement disincentivizes the Palestinian leadership from negotiating a compromise, is antisemitic〔("Is BDS Hate Speech?" ) ''The Jewish Daily Forward''. 14 February 2013. 2 June 2013.〕〔Foxman, Abraham. ("An Open Letter on Academic Freedom and University Responsibility" ). ''ADL''. 2 June 2013.〕 and promotes the delegitimization of Israel. Critics have also accused the movement of using threats, bribes and coercion to ensure that unwilling participants are agreeable to BDS demands.〔(Student leaders slam BDS intimidation )〕〔(A Rototom Sunsplash public institutional declaration regarding the cancellation of Matisyahu )〕 BDS supporters argue that both the movement (and criticism of the movement) are similar to the earlier boycotts of South Africa during its apartheid era,〔(Boycotts that aid the Palestinians ) by Ben White, ''Al Jazeera'', 16 August 2013.〕〔(What's So Wrong With BDS? ) by Jerry Haber, ''The Daily Beast'', 7 February 2013.〕〔(Israel is new South Africa as boycott calls increase ) by Jonathan Owen, ''The Independent'', 3 June 2012.〕 a comparison that the critics categorically reject on the grounds of dissimilarity of the regimes. The effectiveness of the movement has been questioned. Many reports from both in and outside of Israel indicated that the movement had made very little impact on the Israeli economy, and suggested that it was unlikely to for the foreseeable future.〔http://www.forbes.com/sites/carriesheffield/2015/02/22/boycott-israel-movement-stunts-the-palestinian-economy/〕 In June 2015, the ''Financial Times'' cited the leak of a government report by ''Calcalist'' (a financial paper owned by the Yedioth Ahronoth Group) which stated that BDS could potentially cost Israel’s economy $1.4bn a year if the European Union implemented a plan to label goods exported from Israel that are produced in the occupied territories. In June 2015, the Rand Corporation reported that a successful Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign against Israel, if it could be maintained for 10 years, could potentially cost the Israeli economy $47 billion - this figure, which was not published in the report, was reportedly determined by using a model examining previous attempts to boycott countries. However, the Rand Corporation also noted that "evidence on the effectiveness of sanctions is mixed, making an assessment of the potential economic effects of the BDS movement problematic."〔〔(Study: Peace would boost Israel's economy $123b by 2024 ) by Niv Elis, ''Jerusalem Post'', 6 June 2015.〕 ==Background== Debate over a wide ranging boycott of Israel has been ongoing in the Middle East since 1945 when the Council of the Arab League called for an economic boycott against the Jews of Mandatory Palestine. Egypt (1979), the Palestinian Authority (1993), and Jordan (1994) signed peace treaties or agreements that ended their participation in the boycott of Israel. Mauritania, which never applied the boycott, established diplomatic relations with Israel in 1999. Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia do not enforce the boycott. In 1994, following the Oslo Peace Accords, the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) ended their participation in the Arab boycott against Israel.〔Joyce Shems Sharon. "The Arab Boycott Against Israel and Its Unintended Impact on Arab Economic Walfare". May 2003.〕 According to Julie Norman of the School of International Service,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.american.edu/sis/faculty/jn3846a.cfm )〕 the circumstances in the Palestinian territories of Israeli occupation in combination with the Palestinian Authority acting as a quasi-state institution create unique challenges for civil resistance. Civil society groups have to challenge problems with their own government while keeping the focus of their activities on the occupying power. Norman argues that in this situation withdrawal of consent by the Palestinian population does not undermine the power of the Israeli government provided it retains the support of the Israeli electorate. Thus activists are presented with a more difficult task than the removal of a dictator or political party from government as they must find opportunities for resisting the occupying force while simultaneously convincing the Israeli population and government of the requirement for change. Rhea DuMont writes that local non-violent means such as direct action, community organizations, media reporting and sumud have enabled a wide range of people to be involved in the resistance to occupation. On a regional level non-violent methods allowed for collaboration between Palestinian and Israeli activists, NGO's and human rights organizations. Globally, they promote the direct participation by international activists and the creation of worldwide support networks and solidarity groups. During the Second Intifada Palestinians began establishing new approaches that concentrated on developing international solidarity and support that could be used to apply pressure on Israel through non-violent means. Following this idea proposals for boycott began in 2002 and 2003, BDS campaigns were initiated, which have continued to develop and expand since the end of the intifada.〔〔〔 Although much has been said about BDS as a non-violent movement, BDS protests occasionally do turn violent.〔Salusinzky, Imre. ("Palestinian consul rejects BDS violence" ). ''The Australian''. 26 October 2011. 6 June 2013.〕 According to the Simon Wiesenthal Center, the BDS movement does not denounce politically motivated violence directed against Israelis or Jews.〔〔("Simon Wiesenthal Center Report: BDS 'a Thinly-Veiled, Anti-Israel and Anti-Semitic "Poison Pill"' ). ''The Algemeiner''. 19 March 2013. 7 June 2013.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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